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If you had the chance, what superpowers would you give Gregoria “Oriang” de Jesus, stalwart of the Philippine Revolution? Flight? Energy manipulation? Picture it: Oriang swooping down from the skies of colonial Manila, focused and deadly as she aims a beam of golden light toward a Spanish general. Zap! Pow! And her foe falls defeated to the cold stone floor.
The Bayani Comics exhibit is about that question, reimagining five women from different eras of Philippine history as comic book superheroes. Apart from Oriang, four other women comprise the team roster. There is Apolonia Catra, bane of the American empire; Remedios Gomez-Paraiso, also known as Kumander Liwayway, the alluring slayer of samurai; Lorena Barros, seer and mage, with powers feared even by the necromantic Dictator; and last but not least, Gloria Capitan, defender of Lucanin, Bataan, battling the twin perils of coal and climate change.
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The posters are designed like 70’s or 80’s comic book covers. They are rendered in a style reminiscent not just of old-school Marvel or DC paperbacks, but also the Filipino publishing houses which flourished after World War II: Pilipino Komiks, Pinoy Komiks, Espesyal Komiks, and more. From them came characters still well-known today: Darna, Captain Barbell, Zuma. Much like these classic works, a banner on the top left of each poster proudly advertises their fictional publisher: Bayani Comics, for sale today!
While the colors might not be as bright and garish, the maximalist aesthetic is still evident. Every space is filled to the brim with detail and exuberant action. Globular particles crackle around energy fields in homage to the texture effects pioneered by Jack Kirby. The blurbs don’t just hint, they shout: “Mabighani sa katangi-tanging KUMANDER LIWAYWAY!” Beside it, another blurb announces the contents of the comic: “PART 5: Kagitingan sa Kamansi”, a reference to a famous victory by Liwayway against the invading Japanese.
Indeed, fleshing out characters and fictional plotlines with only a cover page to work with was a constant challenge for Basilio Pangilinan, the artist behind the exhibit. How would a heroine’s costume reflect the times they lived in? What might their enemies, rivals, and villains look like? Another interesting problem lay in the illustration of abstract ideas such as courage and hope, which a heroine embodies. After all, supervillains have superpowers too, and what sets a hero apart is less any inborn talent or skill, and more how they inspire others to rise to the occasion by their example.
To his credit, Pangilinan responded to all these challenges with creativity and skill. One of the exhibit’s strongest merits is how it lets you encounter heroes in guises you don’t expect. Perhaps these form their secret identities? Are these the costumes they wear while no one is looking? The possibilities are endless.
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To his credit, Pangilinan responded to all these challenges with creativity and skill. One of the exhibit’s strongest merits is how it lets you encounter heroes in guises you don’t expect. Perhaps these form their secret identities? Are these the costumes they wear while no one is looking? The possibilities are endless.
In the end, a heroine’s memory belongs to no one and everyone. Stan Lee famously created the X-Men, a group of mutants despised and feared because they were different, whose first stories were set against the backdrop of the civil rights movement. Later on, the X-Men were also adopted by others who faced similar systemic persecution, like those who struggled for LGBTQ+ rights. Closer to home, how many people casually browsing conventions fail to realize, upon seeing her curvaceous figure on the cover, that Zsazsa Zaturnnah is not a Darna lookalike, but the alter ego of a gay male named Ada, short for Adrian?
If you had the chance, what superpowers would you give Oriang? It’s a strange exercise, maybe because in the form you most often encounter her in, she’s appears old, worn, fragile, even inert, with eyes that evoke both passion and trauma. Search her name online, and what you’ll likely see is a portrait of Oriang in her 50’s, solemn and stately in a sepia toned photograph. Little in these images suggest she was once a warrior and revolutionary active in the field of battle.
Maybe she can be imagined in other ways as well. In her 20’s, lithe and strong, cape flowing from her broad back as she channels a bolt of piercing light from an outstretched hand. Oriang the superheroine, straight from a comic book, energy manipulating powers and all. Oriang, bayani.
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Gregoria “Oriang” de Jesus
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Gregoria “Oriang” de Jesus (09 May 1875-15 March 1943), also known as Lakambini, was a leading light and stalwart of the Philippine Revolution. Together with her husband, the hero Andres Bonifacio, Oriang helped mobilize, organize and grow the revolutionary secret society known as the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, which she was deeply involved in from the society’s founding in 1892 to the revolution’s outbreak in 1896 and beyond. As she wrote in her autobiography: “I was considered a soldier, and to be true, I learned how to ride, to shoot a rifle, and to manipulate other weapons … without tasting food for the whole day, to drink dirty water from mud-holes or the sap of vines.”
Apart from Oriang’s autobiography, Pangilinan relied a lot on the foundational documents of the Katipunan to create her character. Why do her powers revolve around light and the sun? Why are there manacles on her wrists? And what does the symbol emblazoned on her chest stand for?
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Apolonia Catra
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Apolonia Catra was the only named woman officer in the armed forces of General Macario Sakay, President of the Tagalog Republic during the Philippine-American war. One of the many historical ciphers in Philippine history, Catra left little to no trace in the historical record. Nobody knows what she looks like. No photograph or illustration of her has ever been found. Her only known biographical detail is the date when she was killed in combat, March 5, 1905, as reported by a Washingston State newspaper, the Evening Statesman.
Ultimately, Catra’s enigmatic life became part of her character. Instead of a flashy costume, she dresses in comparatively drab trousers and suspenders, the better to blend into the civilian population as a guerrilla. Her powers: immaculate martial arts, a mystic dagger, and a secret amulet. An early 1900’s version of Captain America is no match for her skill. Almost nothing is known about Catra because she was an expert at ambush and concealment.
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Remedios Gomez-Paraiso
“Kumander Liwayway”
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Remedios Gomez-Paraiso (c. 1919-15 May 2014), also known as Kumander Liwayway, was a guerrilla who fought the Japanese occupation of the Philippines as an officer of the Hukbong Bayan laban sa Hapon or Hukbalahap. A commander feared by the Japanese, Liwaway led her troops to battles which spanned Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales, all the while wearing her distinctive red lipstick. Though she had hoped to retire to civilian life after defeating the Japanese, the Cold War had just begun. After she took up arms once again for the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB) of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP-1938), Liwayway was finally captured by officers of the U.S. led Philippine Constabulary in 1947.
Liwayway’s politics as a revolutionary freedom fighter are starkly evident in the weapons she uses to strike down an unfortunate Japanese soldier. Parts of her history can be seen in other elements of the poster as well. Why is the battle set in a burning field? Why do one of the captions refer to her bravery in a place called Kamansi?
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Maria Lorena Barros
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Lorena Barros (18 March 1948-24 March 1976) was the founding chair of Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan, or MAKIBAKA. The Bantayog ng mga Bayani writes, “[f]rom early childhood, Barros showed keen intelligence, a searching mind and precocious social awareness, nurtured by her mother Alicia Morelos.” Laurie, as her mother called her, went underground soon after the declaration of Martial Law, determined to advance the cause of national democracy while resisting military rule and the illegitimate Marcos dictatorship. On March 1976, she “was seriously wounded in an armed encounter with soldiers in … Mauban, Quezon… Medical treatment was promised by her captors if she would cooperate with them, but she said she would rather die for her beliefs. She was shot in the nape. She was 28 years old.”
In her poster, Lorena Barros, unfazed, stands her ground as she is charged by an unfeeling necromantic army. When she speaks her incantation, and summons vibrant purple magic from the shifting earth around her, whose power is she really calling on? And the skeletons surrounding her, whose uniform are they wearing?
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Gloria Capitan
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Gloria Capitan (c. 1959-1 July 2016) was a grandmother, human rights defender, and fearless anti-coal activist from Lucanin, Bataan. Fierce and compassionate, Gloria worked tirelessly to protect her hometown of Lucanin from the depredations of nearby coal plants and storage facilities. A woman made powerful by her convictions, when Capitan began receiving death threats because of her activism, her reply was stark: “Titigil lang ako ‘pag pikit na ang mata ko! Ano pa ba ang magagawa ko e patay na ako. Hindi ito para sa akin, kundi para sa mga apo ko, masakit ang loob ko kapag nakikita ko silang nagkakasakit.”
For Capitan’s bravery, she was assassinated in her own cantina on July 1, 2016, the first recorded extrajudicial killing under the Duterte administration. Her life was an inspiration to many. In the poster, Gloria’s unbendable will is embodied by her ability to break an entire smokestack in half like a twig.
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About the Artist
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